Submarine Deutsch "submarine" auf Deutsch
Übersetzung für 'submarine' im kostenlosen Englisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch von LANGENSCHEIDT – mit Beispielen, Synonymen und Aussprache. Englisch-Deutsch-Übersetzungen für submarine im Online-Wörterbuch massageadomicilebucarest.eu (Deutschwörterbuch). Übersetzung Englisch-Deutsch für submarine im PONS Online-Wörterbuch nachschlagen! Gratis Vokabeltrainer, Verbtabellen, Aussprachefunktion. Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "submarine" – Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen. Übersetzung für 'submarine' im kostenlosen Englisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch und viele weitere Deutsch-Übersetzungen. Lernen Sie die Übersetzung für 'submarine' in LEOs Englisch ⇔ Deutsch Wörterbuch. Mit Flexionstabellen der verschiedenen Fälle und Zeiten ✓ Aussprache. Übersetzung im Kontext von „submarine“ in Englisch-Deutsch von Reverso Context: nuclear submarine, submarine cable, german submarine.
Submarine Deutsch Svi Submarine restorani ponovno su otvoreni Video
Shark of Darkness - Wrath of Submarine (Full Documentary) U-Boot von irgendwo in Florida wiedererkannt. Fügen Sie submarine zu einer der folgenden Listen hinzu oder erstellen Sie eine neue. Ship breaking became the main Die Fetten Jahren Sind Vorbei Stream ; the great British aircraft carriers Centaur, and most famously the Ark Royal were all sent here for decommissioning. Das Wort im Beispielsatz passt nicht zum Stichwort. Discover this fascinating submarine with your training group — history alive and thrilling! Specially formulated glasses and glass-ceramics, which can withstand the harsh environments and high operating temperatures that Solid Oxide Fuel Submarine Deutsch SOFCoperate in, as sealing materials. Specially formulated glasses and glass-ceramics, which can withstand the harsh environments and high operating temperatures that Solid Oxide Fuel Cells SOFCShantia Ullmann in, as sealing materials. And we have already contacted the submarine.Or sign up in the traditional way. Join Reverso. Sign up Login Login. With Reverso you can find the English translation, definition or synonym for submarine and thousands of other words.
English-German dictionary : translate English words into German with online dictionaries. Eine Frau meint, sie hätte das U-Boot von irgendwo in Florida wiedererkannt.
Following up his father's work, Jacques built the first tourist submarine. Jacques führt die Arbeiten seines Vaters weiter und konstruiert das erste touristische Unterseeboot.
The exit device is intended in particular for use in a submarine. Das Ausfahrgerät ist insbesondere für den Einsatz in einem Unterseeboot vorgesehen.
Submarines use diving planes and also change the amount of water and air in ballast tanks to change buoyancy for submerging and surfacing. Submarines have one of the widest ranges of types and capabilities of any vessel.
They range from small autonomous examples and one- or two-person subs that operate for a few hours to vessels that can remain submerged for six months—such as the Russian Typhoon class , the biggest submarines ever built.
Submarines can work at greater depths than are survivable or practical for human divers. Whereas the principal meaning of "submarine" is an armed, submersible warship , the more general meaning is for any type of submersible craft.
In the Royal Navy, submarines continue to be referred to officially as "boats", despite their " Her Majesty's Ship " designations.
According to a report in Opusculum Taisnieri published in [13]. Two Greeks submerged and surfaced in the river Tagus near the City of Toledo several times in the presence of The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V , without getting wet and with the flame they carried in their hands still alight.
In , the English mathematician William Bourne recorded in his book Inventions or Devises one of the first plans for an underwater navigation vehicle.
A few years later the Scottish mathematician and theologian John Napier wrote in his Secret Inventions that "These inventions besides devises of sayling under water with divers, other devises and strategems for harming of the enemyes by the Grace of God and worke of expert Craftsmen I hope to perform.
The first submersible of whose construction there exists reliable information was designed and built in by Cornelis Drebbel , a Dutchman in the service of James I of England.
It was propelled by means of oars. In , Nathaniel Symons patented and built the first known working example of the use of a ballast tank for submersion.
His design used leather bags that could fill with water to submerge the craft. A mechanism was used to twist the water out of the bags and cause the boat to resurface.
In , the Gentlemen's Magazine reported that a similar design had initially been proposed by Giovanni Borelli in Further design improvement stagnated for over a century, until application of new technologies for propulsion and stability.
The first military submersible was Turtle , a hand-powered acorn-shaped device designed by the American David Bushnell to accommodate a single person.
The French eventually gave up on the experiment in , as did the British when they later considered Fulton's submarine design. In the aftermath of its successful attack against the ship, H.
Hunley also sank, possibly because it was too close to its own exploding torpedo. In , Sub Marine Explorer was the first submarine to successfully dive, cruise underwater, and resurface under the control of the crew.
The design by German American Julius H. Kroehl in German, Kröhl incorporated elements that are still used in modern submarines. In , Flach was built at the request of the Chilean government, by Karl Flach , a German engineer and immigrant.
It was the fifth submarine built in the world [20] and, along with a second submarine, was intended to defend the port of Valparaiso against attack by the Spanish Navy during the Chincha Islands War.
The submarine became a potentially viable weapon with the development of the Whitehead torpedo , designed in by British engineer Robert Whitehead , the first practical self-propelled or 'locomotive' torpedo.
Hunley , the submarine that deployed it. Discussions between the English clergyman and inventor George Garrett and the Swedish industrialist Thorsten Nordenfelt led to the first practical steam-powered submarines, armed with torpedoes and ready for military use.
The first was Nordenfelt I , a tonne, A reliable means of propulsion for the submerged vessel was only made possible in the s with the advent of the necessary electric battery technology.
Submarines were not put into service for any widespread or routine use by navies until the early s. This era marked a pivotal time in submarine development, and several important technologies appeared.
A number of nations built and used submarines. Diesel electric propulsion became the dominant power system and equipment such as the periscope became standardized.
Countries conducted many experiments on effective tactics and weapons for submarines, which led to their large impact in World War I. The Irish inventor John Philip Holland built a model submarine in and a full-scale version in , which were followed by a number of unsuccessful ones.
In he designed the Holland Type VI submarine, which used internal combustion engine power on the surface and electric battery power underwater.
Launched on 17 May at Navy Lt. Commissioned in June , the French steam and electric Narval employed the now typical double-hull design, with a pressure hull inside the outer shell.
The French submarine Aigrette in further improved the concept by using a diesel rather than a gasoline engine for surface power.
Large numbers of these submarines were built, with seventy-six completed before Construction of the boats took longer than anticipated, with the first only ready for a diving trial at sea on 6 April These types of submarines were first used during the Russo-Japanese War of — Due to the blockade at Port Arthur , the Russians sent their submarines to Vladivostok , where by 1 January there were seven boats, enough to create the world's first "operational submarine fleet".
The new submarine fleet began patrols on 14 February, usually lasting for about 24 hours each. The first confrontation with Japanese warships occurred on 29 April when the Russian submarine Som was fired upon by Japanese torpedo boats, but then withdrew.
Military submarines first made a significant impact in World War I. In August , a flotilla of ten U-boats sailed from their base in Heligoland to attack Royal Navy warships in the North Sea in the first submarine war patrol in history.
The U-boats' ability to function as practical war machines relied on new tactics, their numbers, and submarine technologies such as combination diesel—electric power system developed in the preceding years.
More submersibles than true submarines, U-boats operated primarily on the surface using regular engines, submerging occasionally to attack under battery power.
They were roughly triangular in cross-section, with a distinct keel to control rolling while surfaced, and a distinct bow.
The British tried to catch up to the Germans in terms of submarine technology with the creation of the K-class submarines. However, these were extremely large and often collided with each other forcing the British to scrap the K-class design shortly after the war.
During World War II , Germany used submarines to devastating effect in the Battle of the Atlantic , where it attempted to cut Britain's supply routes by sinking more merchant ships than Britain could replace.
Shipping was vital to supply Britain's population with food, industry with raw material, and armed forces with fuel and armaments.
While U-boats destroyed a significant number of ships, the strategy ultimately failed. Although the U-boats had been updated in the interwar years, the major innovation was improved communications, encrypted using the famous Enigma cipher machine.
This allowed for mass-attack naval tactics Rudeltaktik , commonly known as " wolfpack " , but was also ultimately the U-boats' downfall.
By the end of the war, almost 3, Allied ships warships, 2, merchantmen had been sunk by U-boats.
The Imperial Japanese Navy operated the most varied fleet of submarines of any navy, including Kaiten crewed torpedoes, midget submarines Type A Ko-hyoteki and Kairyu classes , medium-range submarines, purpose-built supply submarines and long-range fleet submarines.
They also had submarines with the highest submerged speeds during World War II I -class submarines and submarines that could carry multiple aircraft I -class submarines.
They were also equipped with one of the most advanced torpedoes of the conflict, the oxygen-propelled Type Nevertheless, despite their technical prowess, Japan chose to use its submarines for fleet warfare, and consequently were relatively unsuccessful, as warships were fast, maneuverable and well-defended compared to merchant ships.
The submarine force was the most effective anti-ship weapon in the American arsenal. Submarines, though only about 2 percent of the U.
Navy, destroyed over 30 percent of the Japanese Navy, including 8 aircraft carriers, 1 battleship and 11 cruisers. US submarines also destroyed over 60 percent of the Japanese merchant fleet, crippling Japan's ability to supply its military forces and industrial war effort.
Allied submarines in the Pacific War destroyed more Japanese shipping than all other weapons combined. This feat was considerably aided by the Imperial Japanese Navy's failure to provide adequate escort forces for the nation's merchant fleet.
During the war, 52 US submarines were lost to all causes, with 48 directly due to hostilities. Its major operating areas were around Norway , in the Mediterranean against the Axis supply routes to North Africa , and in the Far East.
Among these is the only documented instance of a submarine sinking another submarine while both were submerged. Seventy-four British submarines were lost, [39] the majority, forty-two, in the Mediterranean.
Tunny and its sister boat, Barbero , were the United States' first nuclear deterrent patrol submarines.
In the s, nuclear power partially replaced diesel—electric propulsion. Equipment was also developed to extract oxygen from sea water. These two innovations gave submarines the ability to remain submerged for weeks or months.
In —, the first ballistic missile submarines were put into service by both the United States George Washington class and the Soviet Union Golf class as part of the Cold War nuclear deterrent strategy.
During the Cold War, the US and the Soviet Union maintained large submarine fleets that engaged in cat-and-mouse games. Many other Soviet subs, such as K the first Soviet nuclear submarine, and the first Soviet sub to reach the North Pole were badly damaged by fire or radiation leaks.
This was the first sinking by a submarine since World War II. It was the first submarine combat loss since World War II.
Before and during World War II , the primary role of the submarine was anti-surface ship warfare. Submarines would attack either on the surface using deck guns, or submerged using torpedoes.
They were particularly effective in sinking Allied transatlantic shipping in both World Wars, and in disrupting Japanese supply routes and naval operations in the Pacific in World War II.
Mine -laying submarines were developed in the early part of the 20th century. The facility was used in both World Wars. Submarines were also used for inserting and removing covert agents and military forces in special operations , for intelligence gathering, and to rescue aircrew during air attacks on islands, where the airmen would be told of safe places to crash-land so the submarines could rescue them.
Submarines could carry cargo through hostile waters or act as supply vessels for other submarines. After WWII, with the development of the homing torpedo, better sonar systems, and nuclear propulsion , submarines also became able to hunt each other effectively.
The development of submarine-launched ballistic missile and submarine-launched cruise missiles gave submarines a substantial and long-ranged ability to attack both land and sea targets with a variety of weapons ranging from cluster bombs to nuclear weapons.
The primary defense of a submarine lies in its ability to remain concealed in the depths of the ocean. Early submarines could be detected by the sound they made.
Water is an excellent conductor of sound much better than air , and submarines can detect and track comparatively noisy surface ships from long distances.
Modern submarines are built with an emphasis on stealth. Advanced propeller designs, extensive sound-reducing insulation, and special machinery help a submarine remain as quiet as ambient ocean noise, making them difficult to detect.
It takes specialized technology to find and attack modern submarines. Active sonar uses the reflection of sound emitted from the search equipment to detect submarines.
It has been used since WWII by surface ships, submarines and aircraft via dropped buoys and helicopter "dipping" arrays , but it reveals the emitter's position, and is susceptible to counter-measures.
A concealed military submarine is a real threat, and because of its stealth, can force an enemy navy to waste resources searching large areas of ocean and protecting ships against attack.
After the sinking the Argentine Navy recognized that they had no effective defense against submarine attack, and the Argentine surface fleet withdrew to port for the remainder of the war, though an Argentine submarine remained at sea.
Although the majority of the world's submarines are military, there are some civilian submarines, which are used for tourism, exploration, oil and gas platform inspections, and pipeline surveys.
Some are also used in illegal activities. The Submarine Voyage ride opened at Disneyland in , but although it ran under water it was not a true submarine, as it ran on tracks and was open to the atmosphere.
In a typical operation a surface vessel carries passengers to an offshore operating area and loads them into the submarine. The submarine then visits underwater points of interest such as natural or artificial reef structures.
To surface safely without danger of collision the location of the submarine is marked with an air release and movement to the surface is coordinated by an observer in a support craft.
A recent development is the deployment of so-called narco submarines by South American drug smugglers to evade law enforcement detection. The vessel belonged to FARC rebels and had the capacity to carry at least 7 tonnes of drugs.
Interior of the tourist submarine Atlantis whilst submerged. All surface ships, as well as surfaced submarines, are in a positively buoyant condition, weighing less than the volume of water they would displace if fully submerged.
To submerge hydrostatically, a ship must have negative buoyancy, either by increasing its own weight or decreasing its displacement of water.
To control their displacement, submarines have ballast tanks , which can hold varying amounts of water and air.
For general submersion or surfacing, submarines use the forward and aft tanks, called Main Ballast Tanks MBT , which are filled with water to submerge or with air to surface.
Submerged, MBTs generally remain flooded, which simplifies their design, and on many submarines these tanks are a section of interhull space. For more precise and quick control of depth, submarines use smaller Depth Control Tanks DCT —also called hard tanks due to their ability to withstand higher pressure , or trim tanks.
The amount of water in depth control tanks can be controlled to change depth or to maintain a constant depth as outside conditions chiefly water density change.
Depth control tanks may be located either near the submarine's center of gravity , or separated along the submarine body to prevent affecting trim.
This difference results in hull compression, which decreases displacement. Water density also marginally increases with depth, as the salinity and pressure are higher.
A submerged submarine is in an unstable equilibrium, having a tendency to either sink or float to the surface. Keeping a constant depth requires continual operation of either the depth control tanks or control surfaces.
Submarines in a neutral buoyancy condition are not intrinsically trim-stable. To maintain desired trim, submarines use forward and aft trim tanks.
Pumps can move water between the tanks, changing weight distribution and pointing the sub up or down. A similar system is sometimes used to maintain stability.
The hydrostatic effect of variable ballast tanks is not the only way to control the submarine underwater. Hydrodynamic maneuvering is done by several control surfaces, collectively known as diving planes or hydroplanes, which can be moved to create hydrodynamic forces when a submarine moves at sufficient speed.
In the classic cruciform stern configuration, the horizontal stern planes serve the same purpose as the trim tanks, controlling the trim.
Most submarines additionally have forward horizontal planes, normally placed on the bow until the s but often on the sail on later designs.
These are closer to the center of gravity and are used to control depth with less effect on the trim. When a submarine performs an emergency surfacing, all depth and trim methods are used simultaneously, together with propelling the boat upwards.
Such surfacing is very quick, so the sub may even partially jump out of the water, potentially damaging submarine systems.
Intuitively, the best way to configure the control surfaces at the stern of a submarine would seem to be to give them the shape of a cross when seen from the rear end of the vessel.
In this configuration, which remained for long the dominant one, the horizontal planes are used to control the trim and depth and the vertical planes to control sideways maneuvers, just like the rudder of a surface ship.
Alternatively, however, the rear control surfaces can be combined into what has become known as an x-stern or an x-rudder.
Although less intuitive, such a configuration has turned out to have several advantages over the traditional cruciform arrangement.
First, it improves maneuvrability, horizontally as well as vertically. Second, the control surfaces are less likely to get damaged when landing on, or departing from, the seabed as well as when mooring and unmooring.
Finally, it is safer in that one of the two diagonal lines can counteract the other with respect to vertical as well as horizontal motion if one of them would accidentally get stuck.
While the arrangement was found to be advantageous, it was nevertheless not used on the US production submarines that followed due to the fact that it requires the use of a computer to manipulate the control surfaces to the desired effect.
With the introduction of the type , the German and Italian Navies came to feature it as well. Hence, as judged by the situation in the early s, the x-stern is about to become the dominant technology.
Modern submarines are cigar-shaped. This design, visible in early submarines, is sometimes called a " teardrop hull ". It reduces the hydrodynamic drag when submerged, but decreases the sea-keeping capabilities and increases drag while surfaced.
Since the limitations of the propulsion systems of early submarines forced them to operate surfaced most of the time, their hull designs were a compromise.
Late in World War II, when technology allowed faster and longer submerged operation and increased aircraft surveillance forced submarines to stay submerged, hull designs became teardrop shaped again to reduce drag and noise.
On modern military submarines, the outer hull is covered with a layer of sound-absorbing rubber, or anechoic plating , to reduce detection.
This allows a more even distribution of stress at the great depth. A titanium frame is usually affixed to the pressure hull, providing attachment for ballast and trim systems, scientific instrumentation, battery packs, syntactic flotation foam , and lighting.
A raised tower on top of a submarine accommodates the periscope and electronics masts, which can include radio, radar , electronic warfare , and other systems including the snorkel mast.
In many early classes of submarines see history , the control room, or "conn", was located inside this tower, which was known as the " conning tower ".
Since then, the conn has been located within the hull of the submarine, and the tower is now called the " sail ". The conn is distinct from the "bridge", a small open platform in the top of the sail, used for observation during surface operation.
The bathtub is a metal cylinder surrounding the hatch that prevents waves from breaking directly into the cabin. It is needed because surfaced submarines have limited freeboard , that is, they lie low in the water.
Bathtubs help prevent swamping the vessel. Modern submarines and submersibles, as well as the oldest ones, usually have a single hull.
Large submarines generally have an additional hull or hull sections outside. This external hull, which actually forms the shape of submarine, is called the outer hull casing in the Royal Navy or light hull , as it does not have to withstand a pressure difference.
Inside the outer hull there is a strong hull, or pressure hull , which withstands sea pressure and has normal atmospheric pressure inside.
As early as World War I, it was realized that the optimal shape for withstanding pressure conflicted with the optimal shape for seakeeping and minimal drag, and construction difficulties further complicated the problem.
This was solved either by a compromise shape, or by using two hulls: internal for holding pressure, and external for optimal shape.
Until the end of World War II, most submarines had an additional partial cover on the top, bow and stern, built of thinner metal, which was flooded when submerged.
Germany went further with the Type XXI , a general predecessor of modern submarines, in which the pressure hull was fully enclosed inside the light hull, but optimized for submerged navigation, unlike earlier designs that were optimized for surface operation.
After World War II, approaches split. The Soviet Union changed its designs, basing them on German developments.
American and most other Western submarines switched to a primarily single-hull approach. They still have light hull sections in the bow and stern, which house main ballast tanks and provide a hydrodynamically optimized shape, but the main cylindrical hull section has only a single plating layer.
Double hulls are being considered for future submarines in the United States to improve payload capacity, stealth and range. The pressure hull is generally constructed of thick high-strength steel with a complex structure and high strength reserve, and is separated with watertight bulkheads into several compartments.
There are also examples of more than two hulls in a submarine, like the Typhoon class , which has two main pressure hulls and three smaller ones for control room, torpedoes and steering gear, with the missile launch system between the main hulls.
The dive depth cannot be increased easily. Simply making the hull thicker increases the weight and requires reduction of onboard equipment weight, ultimately resulting in a bathyscaphe.
This is acceptable for civilian research submersibles, but not military submarines. To exceed that limit, a few submarines were built with titanium hulls.
Titanium can be stronger than steel, lighter, and is not ferromagnetic , important for stealth. Titanium submarines were built by the Soviet Union, which developed specialized high-strength alloys.
It has produced several types of titanium submarines. Titanium does not flex as readily as steel, and may become brittle after many dive cycles.
Despite its benefits, the high cost of titanium construction led to the abandonment of titanium submarine construction as the Cold War ended. Deep-diving civilian submarines have used thick acrylic pressure hulls.
The deepest deep-submergence vehicle DSV to date is Trieste. Building a pressure hull is difficult, as it must withstand pressures at its required diving depth.
When the hull is perfectly round in cross-section, the pressure is evenly distributed, and causes only hull compression. If the shape is not perfect, the hull is bent, with several points heavily strained.
All hull parts must be welded without defects, and all joints are checked multiple times with different methods, contributing to the high cost of modern submarines.
The first submarines were propelled by humans. The first mechanically driven submarine was the French Plongeur , which used compressed air for propulsion.
Anaerobic propulsion was first employed by the Spanish Ictineo II in , which used a solution of zinc , manganese dioxide , and potassium chlorate to generate sufficient heat to power a steam engine, while also providing oxygen for the crew.
A similar system was not employed again until when the German Navy tested a hydrogen peroxide -based system, the Walter turbine , on the experimental V submarine and later on the naval U and type XVII submarines; [70] the system was further developed for the British Explorer -class , completed in Until the advent of nuclear marine propulsion , most 20th-century submarines used electric motors and batteries for running underwater and combustion engines on the surface, and for battery recharging.
Early submarines used gasoline petrol engines but this quickly gave way to kerosene paraffin and then diesel engines because of reduced flammability and, with diesel, improved fuel-efficiency and thus also greater range.
A combination of diesel and electric propulsion became the norm. Initially, the combustion engine and the electric motor were in most cases connected to the same shaft so that both could directly drive the propeller.
The combustion engine was placed at the front end of the stern section with the electric motor behind it followed by the propeller shaft.
The engine was connected to the motor by a clutch and the motor in turn connected to the propeller shaft by another clutch. With only the rear clutch engaged, the electric motor could drive the propeller, as required for fully submerged operation.
With both clutches engaged, the combustion engine could drive the propeller, as was possible when operating on the surface or, at a later stage, when snorkeling.
The electric motor would in this case serve as a generator to charge the batteries or, if no charging was needed, be allowed to rotate freely.
With only the front clutch engaged, the combustion engine could drive the electric motor as a generator for charging the batteries without simultaneously forcing the propeller to move.
The motor could have multiple armatures on the shaft, which could be electrically coupled in series for slow speed and in parallel for high speed these connections were called "group down" and "group up", respectively.
While most early submarines used a direct mechanical connection between the combustion engine and the propeller, an alternative solution was considered as well as implemented at a very early stage.
This energy is then used to drive the propeller via the electric motor and, to the extent required, for charging the batteries.
In this configuration, the electric motor is thus responsible for driving the propeller at all times, regardless of whether air is available so that the combustion engine can also be used or not.
Among the pioneers of this alternative solution was the very first submarine of the Swedish Navy , HMS Hajen later renamed Ub no 1 , launched in While its design was generally inspired by the first submarine commissioned by the US Navy, USS Holland , it deviated from the latter in at least three significant ways: by adding a periscope, by replacing the gasoline engine by a semidiesel engine a hot-bulb engine primarily meant to be fueled by kerosene, later replaced by a true diesel engine and by severing the mechanical link between the combustion engine and the propeller by instead letting the former drive a dedicated generator.
In the following years, the Swedish Navy added another seven submarines in three different classes 2nd class , Laxen class , and Braxen class using the same propulsion technology but fitted with true diesel engines rather than semidiesels from the outset.
Like many other early submarines, those initially designed in Sweden were quite small less than tonnes and thus confined to littoral operation.
When the Swedish Navy wanted to add larger vessels, capable of operating further from the shore, their designs were purchased from companies abroad that already had the required experience: first Italian Fiat - Laurenti and later German A.
Weser and IvS. However, diesel—electric transmission was immediately reintroduced when Sweden began designing its own submarines again in the mid s.
From that point onwards, it has been consistently used for all new classes of Swedish submarines, albeit supplemented by air-independent propulsion AIP as provided by Stirling engines beginning with HMS Näcken in Another early adopter of diesel—electric transmission was the US Navy , whose Bureau of Engineering proposed its use in It was subsequently tried in the S-class submarines S-3 , S-6 , and S-7 before being put into production with the Porpoise class of the s.
From that point onwards, it continued to be used on most US conventional submarines. Apart from the British U-class and some submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy that used separate diesel generators for low speed running, few navies other than those of Sweden and the US made much use of diesel—electric transmission before However, its adoption was not always swift.
Notably, the Soviet Navy did not introduce diesel—electric transmission on its conventional submarines until with its Paltus class.
If diesel—electric transmission had only brought advantages and no disadvantages in comparison with a system that mechanically connects the diesel engine to the propeller, it would undoubtedly have become dominant much earlier.
The disadvantages include the following: [80] [81]. The reason why diesel—electric transmission has become the dominant alternative in spite of these disadvantages is of course that it also comes with many advantages and that, on balance, these have eventually been found to be more important.
The advantages include the following: [82] [83]. During World War II the Germans experimented with the idea of the schnorchel snorkel from captured Dutch submarines but did not see the need for them until rather late in the war.
The schnorchel is a retractable pipe that supplies air to the diesel engines while submerged at periscope depth , allowing the boat to cruise and recharge its batteries while maintaining a degree of stealth.
Especially as first implemented however, it turned out to be far from a perfect solution. There were problems with the device's valve sticking shut or closing as it dunked in rough weather.
Since the system used the entire pressure hull as a buffer, the diesels would instantaneously suck huge volumes of air from the boat's compartments, and the crew often suffered painful ear injuries.
The schnorchel also created noise that made the boat easier to detect with sonar, yet more difficult for the on-board sonar to detect signals from other vessels.
Finally, allied radar eventually became sufficiently advanced that the schnorchel mast could be detected beyond visual range. While the snorkel renders a submarine far less detectable, it is thus not perfect.
In clear weather, diesel exhausts can be seen on the surface to a distance of about three miles, [85] while "periscope feather" the wave created by the snorkel or periscope moving through the water is visible from far off in calm sea conditions.
Modern radar is also capable of detecting a snorkel in calm sea conditions. The problem of the diesels causing a vacuum in the submarine when the head valve is submerged still exists in later model diesel submarines but is mitigated by high-vacuum cut-off sensors that shut down the engines when the vacuum in the ship reaches a pre-set point.
Modern snorkel induction masts have a fail-safe design using compressed air , controlled by a simple electrical circuit, to hold the "head valve" open against the pull of a powerful spring.
Seawater washing over the mast shorts out exposed electrodes on top, breaking the control, and shutting the "head valve" while it is submerged.
Initially they were to carry hydrogen peroxide for long-term, fast air-independent propulsion, but were ultimately built with very large batteries instead.
The results were not encouraging. Though the Soviet Union deployed a class of submarines with this engine type codenamed Quebec by NATO , they were considered unsuccessful.
The United States also used hydrogen peroxide in an experimental midget submarine , X X-1 was later converted to use diesel—electric drive.
Today several navies use air-independent propulsion. Notably Sweden uses Stirling technology on the Gotland -class and Södermanland -class submarines.
The Stirling engine is heated by burning diesel fuel with liquid oxygen from cryogenic tanks. Fuel cells are also used in the new Spanish Sclass submarines although with the fuel stored as ethanol and then converted into hydrogen before use.
These batteries have about double the electric storage of traditional batteries, and by changing out the lead-acid batteries in their normal storage areas plus filling up the large hull space normally devoted to AIP engine and fuel tanks with many tons of lithium-ion batteries, modern submarines can actually return to a "pure" diesel—electric configuration yet have the added underwater range and power normally associated with AIP equipped submarines.
Steam power was resurrected in the s with a nuclear-powered steam turbine driving a generator. By eliminating the need for atmospheric oxygen, the time that a submarine could remain submerged was limited only by its food stores, as breathing air was recycled and fresh water distilled from seawater.
More importantly, a nuclear submarine has unlimited range at top speed. This allows it to travel from its operating base to the combat zone in a much shorter time and makes it a far more difficult target for most anti-submarine weapons.
Nuclear power is now used in all large submarines, but due to the high cost and large size of nuclear reactors, smaller submarines still use diesel—electric propulsion.
The ratio of larger to smaller submarines depends on strategic needs. The US Navy, French Navy , and the British Royal Navy operate only nuclear submarines , [90] [91] which is explained by the need for distant operations.
Other major operators rely on a mix of nuclear submarines for strategic purposes and diesel—electric submarines for defense.
Most fleets have no nuclear submarines, due to the limited availability of nuclear power and submarine technology. Diesel—electric submarines have a stealth advantage over their nuclear counterparts.
Nuclear submarines generate noise from coolant pumps and turbo-machinery needed to operate the reactor, even at low power levels. Commercial submarines usually rely only on batteries, since they operate in conjunction with a mother ship.
Several serious nuclear and radiation accidents have involved nuclear submarine mishaps. Oil-fired steam turbines powered the British K-class submarines , built during World War I and later, to give them the surface speed to keep up with the battle fleet.
The K-class subs were not very successful, however. Toward the end of the 20th century, some submarines—such as the British Vanguard class—began to be fitted with pump-jet propulsors instead of propellers.
Though these are heavier, more expensive, and less efficient than a propeller, they are significantly quieter, providing an important tactical advantage.
The success of the submarine is inextricably linked to the development of the torpedo , invented by Robert Whitehead in
submarine (Deutsch)Bearbeiten · Deklinierte FormBearbeiten. Worttrennung: sub·ma·ri·ne. Aussprache: IPA: [ˌzʊpmaˈʁiːnə]: Hörbeispiele: —: Reime: iːnə. submarine (Deutsch). Wortart: Deklinierte Form. Silbentrennung: sub|ma|ri|ne. Aussprache/Betonung: IPA: [ˌzʊpmaˈʀiːnə]. Grammatische Merkmale. submarine übersetzen: das Unterseeboot, Unterwasser-. Erfahren Sie mehr.
Submarine Deutsch Zajedno smo jači: Submarine pokrenuo akciju darivanja doktora Video
Shark of Darkness - Wrath of Submarine (Full Documentary) English The Conference of Presidents decided to also include the subject of the submarine in Gibraltar in the agenda. Shipbuilding accounts for Submarine Deutsch jobs — some 2, people work in the development and construction of submarines alone. Priorities include the destruction of chemical weapons, the Colony Season 3 of decommissioned nuclear submarines and fissile material. Priorities include the destruction of chemical weapons, the disposal of decommissioned nuclear submarines and fissile material. Sagen Sie uns Emily Coutts zu diesem Beispielsatz:. In addition to numerous ships and submarines built in Rijeka also the first torpedo. Daneben bestehen in Rijeka noch eine Hochschule und eine Marinehochschule.Submarine Deutsch Navigation menu Video
Tauchfahrt in die Hölle - Submarine X 1 Ganzer Film
Submarine Deutsch Beispiele aus dem PONS Wörterbuch (redaktionell geprüft)
Incendiary sank. Nuclear submarine - disassembled in the Nerpa shipyard Nuclear submarine - disassembled in the Nerpa shipyard GTC - www. Englisch Wörterbücher. Priorities include the destruction of chemical weapons, the disposal Once Upon A Time In The West decommissioned nuclear submarines and fissile material. Sie ist nicht Submarine Deutsch eine wunderschöne Insel mit einem perfekten Klima, sondern sie bietet dazu die besten Hotels, das tiefst tauchende U-Boot der Welt und jetzt sogar die Möglichkeit, den Weltraum zu besuchen. Let us forget about the yellow submarine and other tomfoolery, which has no place here. Sie werden Verbindungsoffizier auf dem amerikanischen U-Boot "Sägefisch". Tief- Unter Seekabel. Entdecken Sie dieses faszinierende U-Boot mit der ganzen Trainingsgruppe - Geschichte spannend und lebendig!. The first was Nordenfelt Ia tonne, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal. Kristina Krajcikova. The US Navy, French Navyand the Onedin Linie Royal Navy operate only nuclear submarines[90] [91] which is explained by the need for distant operations. Deep-diving civilian submarines have used thick acrylic pressure hulls.See also: miniature submarine , nuclear submarine , submariner , submarginal. Reverso Team. See details and add a comment. To add entries to your own vocabulary , become a member of Reverso community or login if you are already a member.
It's easy and only takes a few seconds:. Or sign up in the traditional way. Join Reverso. Alternatively, however, the rear control surfaces can be combined into what has become known as an x-stern or an x-rudder.
Although less intuitive, such a configuration has turned out to have several advantages over the traditional cruciform arrangement.
First, it improves maneuvrability, horizontally as well as vertically. Second, the control surfaces are less likely to get damaged when landing on, or departing from, the seabed as well as when mooring and unmooring.
Finally, it is safer in that one of the two diagonal lines can counteract the other with respect to vertical as well as horizontal motion if one of them would accidentally get stuck.
While the arrangement was found to be advantageous, it was nevertheless not used on the US production submarines that followed due to the fact that it requires the use of a computer to manipulate the control surfaces to the desired effect.
With the introduction of the type , the German and Italian Navies came to feature it as well. Hence, as judged by the situation in the early s, the x-stern is about to become the dominant technology.
Modern submarines are cigar-shaped. This design, visible in early submarines, is sometimes called a " teardrop hull ". It reduces the hydrodynamic drag when submerged, but decreases the sea-keeping capabilities and increases drag while surfaced.
Since the limitations of the propulsion systems of early submarines forced them to operate surfaced most of the time, their hull designs were a compromise.
Late in World War II, when technology allowed faster and longer submerged operation and increased aircraft surveillance forced submarines to stay submerged, hull designs became teardrop shaped again to reduce drag and noise.
On modern military submarines, the outer hull is covered with a layer of sound-absorbing rubber, or anechoic plating , to reduce detection.
This allows a more even distribution of stress at the great depth. A titanium frame is usually affixed to the pressure hull, providing attachment for ballast and trim systems, scientific instrumentation, battery packs, syntactic flotation foam , and lighting.
A raised tower on top of a submarine accommodates the periscope and electronics masts, which can include radio, radar , electronic warfare , and other systems including the snorkel mast.
In many early classes of submarines see history , the control room, or "conn", was located inside this tower, which was known as the " conning tower ".
Since then, the conn has been located within the hull of the submarine, and the tower is now called the " sail ". The conn is distinct from the "bridge", a small open platform in the top of the sail, used for observation during surface operation.
The bathtub is a metal cylinder surrounding the hatch that prevents waves from breaking directly into the cabin. It is needed because surfaced submarines have limited freeboard , that is, they lie low in the water.
Bathtubs help prevent swamping the vessel. Modern submarines and submersibles, as well as the oldest ones, usually have a single hull.
Large submarines generally have an additional hull or hull sections outside. This external hull, which actually forms the shape of submarine, is called the outer hull casing in the Royal Navy or light hull , as it does not have to withstand a pressure difference.
Inside the outer hull there is a strong hull, or pressure hull , which withstands sea pressure and has normal atmospheric pressure inside.
As early as World War I, it was realized that the optimal shape for withstanding pressure conflicted with the optimal shape for seakeeping and minimal drag, and construction difficulties further complicated the problem.
This was solved either by a compromise shape, or by using two hulls: internal for holding pressure, and external for optimal shape.
Until the end of World War II, most submarines had an additional partial cover on the top, bow and stern, built of thinner metal, which was flooded when submerged.
Germany went further with the Type XXI , a general predecessor of modern submarines, in which the pressure hull was fully enclosed inside the light hull, but optimized for submerged navigation, unlike earlier designs that were optimized for surface operation.
After World War II, approaches split. The Soviet Union changed its designs, basing them on German developments.
American and most other Western submarines switched to a primarily single-hull approach. They still have light hull sections in the bow and stern, which house main ballast tanks and provide a hydrodynamically optimized shape, but the main cylindrical hull section has only a single plating layer.
Double hulls are being considered for future submarines in the United States to improve payload capacity, stealth and range.
The pressure hull is generally constructed of thick high-strength steel with a complex structure and high strength reserve, and is separated with watertight bulkheads into several compartments.
There are also examples of more than two hulls in a submarine, like the Typhoon class , which has two main pressure hulls and three smaller ones for control room, torpedoes and steering gear, with the missile launch system between the main hulls.
The dive depth cannot be increased easily. Simply making the hull thicker increases the weight and requires reduction of onboard equipment weight, ultimately resulting in a bathyscaphe.
This is acceptable for civilian research submersibles, but not military submarines. To exceed that limit, a few submarines were built with titanium hulls.
Titanium can be stronger than steel, lighter, and is not ferromagnetic , important for stealth. Titanium submarines were built by the Soviet Union, which developed specialized high-strength alloys.
It has produced several types of titanium submarines. Titanium does not flex as readily as steel, and may become brittle after many dive cycles.
Despite its benefits, the high cost of titanium construction led to the abandonment of titanium submarine construction as the Cold War ended.
Deep-diving civilian submarines have used thick acrylic pressure hulls. The deepest deep-submergence vehicle DSV to date is Trieste.
Building a pressure hull is difficult, as it must withstand pressures at its required diving depth. When the hull is perfectly round in cross-section, the pressure is evenly distributed, and causes only hull compression.
If the shape is not perfect, the hull is bent, with several points heavily strained. All hull parts must be welded without defects, and all joints are checked multiple times with different methods, contributing to the high cost of modern submarines.
The first submarines were propelled by humans. The first mechanically driven submarine was the French Plongeur , which used compressed air for propulsion.
Anaerobic propulsion was first employed by the Spanish Ictineo II in , which used a solution of zinc , manganese dioxide , and potassium chlorate to generate sufficient heat to power a steam engine, while also providing oxygen for the crew.
A similar system was not employed again until when the German Navy tested a hydrogen peroxide -based system, the Walter turbine , on the experimental V submarine and later on the naval U and type XVII submarines; [70] the system was further developed for the British Explorer -class , completed in Until the advent of nuclear marine propulsion , most 20th-century submarines used electric motors and batteries for running underwater and combustion engines on the surface, and for battery recharging.
Early submarines used gasoline petrol engines but this quickly gave way to kerosene paraffin and then diesel engines because of reduced flammability and, with diesel, improved fuel-efficiency and thus also greater range.
A combination of diesel and electric propulsion became the norm. Initially, the combustion engine and the electric motor were in most cases connected to the same shaft so that both could directly drive the propeller.
The combustion engine was placed at the front end of the stern section with the electric motor behind it followed by the propeller shaft.
The engine was connected to the motor by a clutch and the motor in turn connected to the propeller shaft by another clutch.
With only the rear clutch engaged, the electric motor could drive the propeller, as required for fully submerged operation.
With both clutches engaged, the combustion engine could drive the propeller, as was possible when operating on the surface or, at a later stage, when snorkeling.
The electric motor would in this case serve as a generator to charge the batteries or, if no charging was needed, be allowed to rotate freely. With only the front clutch engaged, the combustion engine could drive the electric motor as a generator for charging the batteries without simultaneously forcing the propeller to move.
The motor could have multiple armatures on the shaft, which could be electrically coupled in series for slow speed and in parallel for high speed these connections were called "group down" and "group up", respectively.
While most early submarines used a direct mechanical connection between the combustion engine and the propeller, an alternative solution was considered as well as implemented at a very early stage.
This energy is then used to drive the propeller via the electric motor and, to the extent required, for charging the batteries.
In this configuration, the electric motor is thus responsible for driving the propeller at all times, regardless of whether air is available so that the combustion engine can also be used or not.
Among the pioneers of this alternative solution was the very first submarine of the Swedish Navy , HMS Hajen later renamed Ub no 1 , launched in While its design was generally inspired by the first submarine commissioned by the US Navy, USS Holland , it deviated from the latter in at least three significant ways: by adding a periscope, by replacing the gasoline engine by a semidiesel engine a hot-bulb engine primarily meant to be fueled by kerosene, later replaced by a true diesel engine and by severing the mechanical link between the combustion engine and the propeller by instead letting the former drive a dedicated generator.
In the following years, the Swedish Navy added another seven submarines in three different classes 2nd class , Laxen class , and Braxen class using the same propulsion technology but fitted with true diesel engines rather than semidiesels from the outset.
Like many other early submarines, those initially designed in Sweden were quite small less than tonnes and thus confined to littoral operation.
When the Swedish Navy wanted to add larger vessels, capable of operating further from the shore, their designs were purchased from companies abroad that already had the required experience: first Italian Fiat - Laurenti and later German A.
Weser and IvS. However, diesel—electric transmission was immediately reintroduced when Sweden began designing its own submarines again in the mid s.
From that point onwards, it has been consistently used for all new classes of Swedish submarines, albeit supplemented by air-independent propulsion AIP as provided by Stirling engines beginning with HMS Näcken in Another early adopter of diesel—electric transmission was the US Navy , whose Bureau of Engineering proposed its use in It was subsequently tried in the S-class submarines S-3 , S-6 , and S-7 before being put into production with the Porpoise class of the s.
From that point onwards, it continued to be used on most US conventional submarines. Apart from the British U-class and some submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy that used separate diesel generators for low speed running, few navies other than those of Sweden and the US made much use of diesel—electric transmission before However, its adoption was not always swift.
Notably, the Soviet Navy did not introduce diesel—electric transmission on its conventional submarines until with its Paltus class. If diesel—electric transmission had only brought advantages and no disadvantages in comparison with a system that mechanically connects the diesel engine to the propeller, it would undoubtedly have become dominant much earlier.
The disadvantages include the following: [80] [81]. The reason why diesel—electric transmission has become the dominant alternative in spite of these disadvantages is of course that it also comes with many advantages and that, on balance, these have eventually been found to be more important.
The advantages include the following: [82] [83]. During World War II the Germans experimented with the idea of the schnorchel snorkel from captured Dutch submarines but did not see the need for them until rather late in the war.
The schnorchel is a retractable pipe that supplies air to the diesel engines while submerged at periscope depth , allowing the boat to cruise and recharge its batteries while maintaining a degree of stealth.
Especially as first implemented however, it turned out to be far from a perfect solution. There were problems with the device's valve sticking shut or closing as it dunked in rough weather.
Since the system used the entire pressure hull as a buffer, the diesels would instantaneously suck huge volumes of air from the boat's compartments, and the crew often suffered painful ear injuries.
The schnorchel also created noise that made the boat easier to detect with sonar, yet more difficult for the on-board sonar to detect signals from other vessels.
Finally, allied radar eventually became sufficiently advanced that the schnorchel mast could be detected beyond visual range.
While the snorkel renders a submarine far less detectable, it is thus not perfect. In clear weather, diesel exhausts can be seen on the surface to a distance of about three miles, [85] while "periscope feather" the wave created by the snorkel or periscope moving through the water is visible from far off in calm sea conditions.
Modern radar is also capable of detecting a snorkel in calm sea conditions. The problem of the diesels causing a vacuum in the submarine when the head valve is submerged still exists in later model diesel submarines but is mitigated by high-vacuum cut-off sensors that shut down the engines when the vacuum in the ship reaches a pre-set point.
Modern snorkel induction masts have a fail-safe design using compressed air , controlled by a simple electrical circuit, to hold the "head valve" open against the pull of a powerful spring.
Seawater washing over the mast shorts out exposed electrodes on top, breaking the control, and shutting the "head valve" while it is submerged.
Initially they were to carry hydrogen peroxide for long-term, fast air-independent propulsion, but were ultimately built with very large batteries instead.
The results were not encouraging. Though the Soviet Union deployed a class of submarines with this engine type codenamed Quebec by NATO , they were considered unsuccessful.
The United States also used hydrogen peroxide in an experimental midget submarine , X X-1 was later converted to use diesel—electric drive.
Today several navies use air-independent propulsion. Notably Sweden uses Stirling technology on the Gotland -class and Södermanland -class submarines.
The Stirling engine is heated by burning diesel fuel with liquid oxygen from cryogenic tanks. Fuel cells are also used in the new Spanish Sclass submarines although with the fuel stored as ethanol and then converted into hydrogen before use.
These batteries have about double the electric storage of traditional batteries, and by changing out the lead-acid batteries in their normal storage areas plus filling up the large hull space normally devoted to AIP engine and fuel tanks with many tons of lithium-ion batteries, modern submarines can actually return to a "pure" diesel—electric configuration yet have the added underwater range and power normally associated with AIP equipped submarines.
Steam power was resurrected in the s with a nuclear-powered steam turbine driving a generator. By eliminating the need for atmospheric oxygen, the time that a submarine could remain submerged was limited only by its food stores, as breathing air was recycled and fresh water distilled from seawater.
More importantly, a nuclear submarine has unlimited range at top speed. This allows it to travel from its operating base to the combat zone in a much shorter time and makes it a far more difficult target for most anti-submarine weapons.
Nuclear power is now used in all large submarines, but due to the high cost and large size of nuclear reactors, smaller submarines still use diesel—electric propulsion.
The ratio of larger to smaller submarines depends on strategic needs. The US Navy, French Navy , and the British Royal Navy operate only nuclear submarines , [90] [91] which is explained by the need for distant operations.
Other major operators rely on a mix of nuclear submarines for strategic purposes and diesel—electric submarines for defense.
Most fleets have no nuclear submarines, due to the limited availability of nuclear power and submarine technology. Diesel—electric submarines have a stealth advantage over their nuclear counterparts.
Nuclear submarines generate noise from coolant pumps and turbo-machinery needed to operate the reactor, even at low power levels. Commercial submarines usually rely only on batteries, since they operate in conjunction with a mother ship.
Several serious nuclear and radiation accidents have involved nuclear submarine mishaps. Oil-fired steam turbines powered the British K-class submarines , built during World War I and later, to give them the surface speed to keep up with the battle fleet.
The K-class subs were not very successful, however. Toward the end of the 20th century, some submarines—such as the British Vanguard class—began to be fitted with pump-jet propulsors instead of propellers.
Though these are heavier, more expensive, and less efficient than a propeller, they are significantly quieter, providing an important tactical advantage.
The success of the submarine is inextricably linked to the development of the torpedo , invented by Robert Whitehead in His invention is essentially the same now as it was years ago.
Only with self-propelled torpedoes could the submarine make the leap from novelty to a weapon of war. Until the perfection of the guided torpedo , multiple "straight-running" torpedoes were required to attack a target.
With at most 20 to 25 torpedoes stored on board, the number of attacks was limited. To increase combat endurance most World War I submarines functioned as submersible gunboats, using their deck guns against unarmed targets, and diving to escape and engage enemy warships.
The importance of guns encouraged the development of the unsuccessful Submarine Cruiser such as the French Surcouf and the Royal Navy 's X1 and M-class submarines.
With the arrival of Anti-submarine warfare ASW aircraft, guns became more for defense than attack. A more practical method of increasing combat endurance was the external torpedo tube, loaded only in port.
The ability of submarines to approach enemy harbours covertly led to their use as minelayers. Modern submarine-laid mines , such as the British Mark 5 Stonefish and Mark 6 Sea Urchin, can be deployed from a submarine's torpedo tubes.
Such missiles required the submarine to surface to fire its missiles. They were the forerunners of modern submarine-launched cruise missiles, which can be fired from the torpedo tubes of submerged submarines, for example the US BGM Tomahawk and Russian RPK-2 Viyuga and versions of surface-to-surface anti-ship missiles such as the Exocet and Harpoon , encapsulated for submarine launch.
Ballistic missiles can also be fired from a submarine's torpedo tubes, for example missiles such as the anti-submarine SUBROC.
With internal volume as limited as ever and the desire to carry heavier warloads, the idea of the external launch tube was revived, usually for encapsulated missiles, with such tubes being placed between the internal pressure and outer streamlined hulls.
Germany is working on the torpedo tube-launched short-range IDAS missile , which can be used against ASW helicopters, as well as surface ships and coastal targets.
A submarine can have a variety of sensors, depending on its missions. Modern military submarines rely almost entirely on a suite of passive and active sonars to locate targets.
Active sonar relies on an audible "ping" to generate echoes to reveal objects around the submarine. Active systems are rarely used, as doing so reveals the sub's presence.
Passive sonar is a set of sensitive hydrophones set into the hull or trailed in a towed array, normally trailing several hundred feet behind the sub.
The towed array is the mainstay of NATO submarine detection systems, as it reduces the flow noise heard by operators. Hull mounted sonar is employed in addition to the towed array, as the towed array can't work in shallow depth and during maneuvering.
In addition, sonar has a blind spot "through" the submarine, so a system on both the front and back works to eliminate that problem. As the towed array trails behind and below the submarine, it also allows the submarine to have a system both above and below the thermocline at the proper depth; sound passing through the thermocline is distorted resulting in a lower detection range.
Submarines also carry radar equipment to detect surface ships and aircraft. Submarine captains are more likely to use radar detection gear than active radar to detect targets, as radar can be detected far beyond its own return range, revealing the submarine.
Periscopes are rarely used, except for position fixes and to verify a contact's identity. Early submarines had few navigation aids, but modern subs have a variety of navigation systems.
Modern military submarines use an inertial guidance system for navigation while submerged, but drift error unavoidably builds over time.
To counter this, the crew occasionally uses the Global Positioning System to obtain an accurate position. The periscope —a retractable tube with a prism system that provides a view of the surface—is only used occasionally in modern submarines, since the visibility range is short.
The Virginia -class and Astute -class submarines use photonics masts rather than hull-penetrating optical periscopes. These masts must still be deployed above the surface, and use electronic sensors for visible light, infrared, laser range-finding, and electromagnetic surveillance.
One benefit to hoisting the mast above the surface is that while the mast is above the water the entire sub is still below the water and is much harder to detect visually or by radar.
Military submarines use several systems to communicate with distant command centers or other ships.
ELF extremely low frequency can reach a submarine at greater depths, but has a very low bandwidth and is generally used to call a submerged sub to a shallower depth where VLF signals can reach.
A submarine also has the option of floating a long, buoyant wire antenna to a shallower depth, allowing VLF transmissions by a deeply submerged boat.
By extending a radio mast, a submarine can also use a " burst transmission " technique. A burst transmission takes only a fraction of a second, minimizing a submarine's risk of detection.
To communicate with other submarines, a system known as Gertrude is used. Gertrude is basically a sonar telephone.
Voice communication from one submarine is transmitted by low power speakers into the water, where it is detected by passive sonars on the receiving submarine.
The range of this system is probably very short, and using it radiates sound into the water, which can be heard by the enemy.
Civilian submarines can use similar, albeit less powerful systems to communicate with support ships or other submersibles in the area.
With nuclear power or air-independent propulsion , submarines can remain submerged for months at a time. Conventional diesel submarines must periodically resurface or run on snorkel to recharge their batteries.
Most modern military submarines generate breathing oxygen by electrolysis of water using a device called an " Electrolytic Oxygen Generator ".
As a burger lover I had a lot of burgers all around the world and I made must say your Smokehouse is the best ever!! Absolutely perfect smoky taste.
One of the best burgers I ever ate. Fresh and organic, natural and wholesome, non-processed, no-additives, from trusted carefully picked local suppliers, only grass-fed beef, home-made buns and sauces, craft beer.
We tend to keep our donations local, helping organizations, foundations, and charities in our area to make our small corner of the world a better place to live.
News Submarine Radio. Svi Submarine restorani ponovno su otvoreni Od ponedjeljka Ne odustajemo: Submarine restorani od danas rade samo preko Wolt, Glovo i Pauza.
Take the tour. Learn more. Submarine is the premium quality gourmet burger. Food should be healthy, yet delicious.
Our specials. Fresh food tastes batter!
Archived from the original on Florian Frowein Frau 14, Titanium does not flex as readily as steel, and may become brittle after many dive cycles. Archived from the original on 17 March Archived from the original on In the aftermath of its successful attack against the ship, Nevrland.Submarine Deutsch - Navigationsmenü
The American submarine 'Nautilus' was the first nuclear powered vessel of the world.. The Russian Federation considers of primary importance for the implementation of the GP projects in Russia the dismantlement of decommissioned nuclear submarines and chemical weapons destruction. Wollen Sie einen Satz übersetzen? Bitte versuchen Sie es erneut.
Hat die Webseite mit interessierend Sie von der Frage gefunden.
Es ist sichtbar, nicht das Schicksal.
Eben dass wir ohne Ihre glänzende Phrase machen würden